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考研英语语法难点——定语从句
一、 识别
1. 先行词
定语从句中，先行词是识别的先锋，通常同学们会固有地将先行词定义为名词。但实际上，定语从句的先行词有三种不同的形式，除了最常见的名词外还有名词短语以及句子。
（1） 先行词为名词
Homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night. (2006年完形）
（2） 先行词为名词短语
Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. (2002 年 Text1）
（3） 先行词为句子
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe. (2004 年翻译）
2. 从属连词
从属连词是识别定语从句的核心部分，在这个部分需要同学们掌握哪些从属连词可以引导定语从句以及它们引导定语从句的标志。
（1） that和which
a． that和which前需是名词：n+that/ n+which
b． that和which需要在从句当中充当主语或者宾语的成分
Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that (which) ran parallel to the existing federal ones. (2013 年 Text4）(that/which 充当主语)
反例：It is impossible that Mary has passed the exam.
（2） who
a. n+who
b. 名词需为表示人的特殊名词
The girl who is studying in the library is my sister.
（3） when
a. n+when
b. 名词需为表时间的特殊名词
c. 时间不仅可以是具体日期也可以是day、year、time等抽象时间
She died in 2008 when the economic crisis started.
（4） where
a. n+where
b. 名词需为表地点的特殊名词
c. 地点不仅可以是具体地点（China、Japan…）也可以是place、area等抽象地点
d. 如果先行词部分可以翻译成在…的时候，也可将其当做表示地点的特殊名词
Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most notoriously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.
（5） why
a. reason+why
This is the reason why we did not pass the test.
（6） whose
a. n+whose
Mary whose dress is red studies in the library.
（7） 介词+which
a. N+介词+which
Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live. (2003 年翻译）
3. 从句常见结束位置
（1） 标点符号
These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well. (2003 年 Text1）
（2） 第二个谓语前
Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate. (2013 年新题型）
 
Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. (2010 年Text1）
（3） 连词
There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others and the deliberate educating of the young. (2009 年翻译）
二、 翻译
1. 前置法
通常在句子中如果定语部分比较短（小于8个单词）采用将定语放到名词前的翻译方法（前置法）
定语+的+名词内容
They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. (2006 年翻译）
他们或许教得很好，而且不仅仅专注于赚钱，但他们大多数人对涉及人类道德判断的问题却很少或没有进行独立思考
2. 后置法
通常在句子中如果定语部分比较长（大于8个单词）采用将定语放到名词后的翻译方法（后置法、顺译法）
主句+从句
从属连词翻译为这..或者重复一遍先行词
The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. (2003 年Text1）
美国的间谍大师痴迷于情报，他曾经在二战期间建立了战略情报局，为以后中央情报局的建立打下了基础。
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