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1.Tim Harford, author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail, day by day.
（2018英语二Text4）
主干：Tim Harford points to a study
同位语：author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives，解释说明Tim Harford
时间状语：in the early 1980s
定语从句that divided undergraduates into two groups修饰study
同位语：some were advised to set out… much more detail, day by day解释说明two groups
翻译：
《乱七八糟：无序改变我们生活的力量》一书的作者蒂姆·哈福德（timharford）指出，上世纪80年代早期的一项研究将大学生分为两组：一些人被建议制定每月的目标和学习活动；其他人则被要求每天更详细地计划活动和目标。
 
2.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015.（2018英语一Text2）
主干：reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub
前置定语：The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal，修饰reaction
同位语：a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers解释说明Sci-Hub
Ved短语作后置定语，修饰Sci-Hub
定语从句：which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015，修饰Sci-Hub；其中published since 2015为后置定语修饰article
翻译：
最激烈的，也是完全非法的反应是Sci Hub的出现，它是一种全球科学论文影印机，成立于2012年，现在声称可以访问2015年以来发表的每一篇付费文章。
 
3.The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants. （2018英语一Text2）
主语：The success
谓语：shows
宾语从句（省略从属连词that）：the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed
介词短语作后置定语of Sci-Hub，修饰success
定语从句：which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed，修饰The success of Sci-Hub；其中包含they have themselves legally accessed为省略that的定语从句，修饰copies
目的状语从句：so that it works for all participants
翻译：
Sci-Hub的成功依赖于研究人员传递他们自己合法获取的副本，这表明法律生态系统在它的用户中已经失去了合法性，必须进行改造，使其适用于所有参与者
 
4.Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. （2018英语一Text2）
主语：Publishers
谓语：have responded to
宾语：the demand
同位语从句：that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article，解释说明the demand；
其中they为主语，make为谓语，their product为宾语，free to readers为宾补，by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article为方式状语修饰make
翻译：
出版商对读者免费提供产品的要求作出了回应，他们向作者收取费用，以支付一篇文章的费用。
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